DISCOURSE ANALYSIS ASSIGNMENT 1

Nama : Ayu Fitriana Widyaningsih
Nim : A320090067
Class : B

1. What is discourse?
From the three texts in “David Nunan” book, I have conclusion the definition of discourse. In my opinion, Discourse is a study of spoken and written of how the constructing of sentence has meaning based on the context or situation. Discourse is also a study of relation between grammar and context that are relevant to be the correct constructing sentence. To constructing of the sentences, we must understand the grammar and vocabulary used to make up each text. The grammar that used must has relations with the context of the sentence and makes the sentence has relate to each other. So, the sentence is not ambiguity and has coherence in the situation on the context of text.
2. Analysis an article.
Saturday, March 17, 2012 20:09 PM
National
Hefty bank accounts may hamper promotions, minister says
The Jakarta Post, Jakarta | Sat, 03/17/2012 7:24 PM
Suspiciously large accounts will hamper promotions of top-ranked civil servants, police and military officers, Administrative Reforms Minister Azwar Abubakar says.
The ministry has issued a regulation stipulating that promotion requests should be completed by reports from the Financial Transaction Reports and Analysis Center (PPATK).
“If an institution wants to promote officials with echelon I and II positions, the PPATK should examine the officials’ [bank] accounts first,” Azwar said in Bandung on Saturday.
The ministry has sent instruction letters regarding the matter to all related institutions, including the National Police and the Indonesian Military. If the PPATK found indications of corruption, the findings would be forwarded to the corruption court.
“The decision to dismiss will depend on the court’s verdict,” Azwar said.
Azwar said that the new policy will be included in the state apparatus bill, expected to be passed by the House of Representatives.
“Corruption has occurred because of flawed intentions in the system,” he said as quoted by tempo.co. (aml/swd)
http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2012/03/17/hefty-bank-accounts-may-hamper-promotions-minister-says.html



Discourse Analysis
1. Deixis
A. Personal deixis;
As we know that the function of text as news item; give the information to reader. Generally, the first person is the author, the second person is the reader and the third people are persons which are informed within the text. However, from each paragraph the role of personal deixis will be as follows:
- Suspiciously large accounts will hamper promotions of top-ranked civil servants, police and military officers, Administrative Reforms Minister Azwar Abubakar says.
From the datum above, we can find that Azwar Abubakar is the one who give information, so that Azwar Abubakar is the first person, and “top-ranked civil servants, police and military officers” are the third person

- The ministry has issued a regulation stipulating that promotion requests should be completed by reports from the Financial Transaction Reports and Analysis Center (PPATK).
The ministry is the first person, and “Financial Transaction Reports and Analysis Center (PPATK)” is the third person

- “If an institution wants to promote officials with echelon I and II positions, the PPATK should examine the officials’ [bank] accounts first,” Azwar said in Bandung on Saturday.
Azwar is the first person and “officials’ [bank] accounts first PPATK” are the third person
- The ministry has sent instruction letters regarding the matter to all related institutions, including the National Police and the Indonesian Military. If the PPATK found indications of corruption, the findings would be forwarded to the corruption court.
From the datum above, we can find that the ministry is the one who give instruction; so that the ministry is the first person, and “the National Police, the Indonesian Military, and PPATK” are the third people.

- “The decision to dismiss will depend on the court’s verdict,” Azwar said.
Azwar is the first person.

- Azwar said that the new policy will be included in the state apparatus bill, expected to be passed by the House of Representatives.
From the datum above, we can find that Azwar is the one who give instruction; so that, Azwar is the first person, and “the House of Representation” is the third person.

- “Corruption has occurred because of flawed intentions in the system,” he said as quoted by tempo.co. (aml/swd).
From the datum above, we can find the first person is “he”. Here, “he” refers to Azwar and tempo is the third person.
B. Spatial Deixis
In the spatial deixis describe of the places on the new items. They are:
• The Jakarta Post, Jakarta
• In Bandung
C. Temporal Deixis
• Sat, 03/17/2012 7:24 PM
• on Saturday
D. Social Deixis
• Absolute deixtic: Administrative Reforms Minister Azwar Abubakar; The ministry.
• Relational deixtic: Azwar and he.
E. Discourse Deixis
In this text hasn’t the discourse deixis.

2. Cohesion
A. Substitution
“If an institution wants to promote officials with echelon I and II positions, the PPATK should examine the officials’ [bank] accounts first,” Azwar said in Bandung on Saturday.
From the text above, we can find the substitution. This is I and II positions, the position of the first and second refers to “echelon.”
B. Ellipsis
In this article hasn’t an ellipsis, because no there is a sentence has the omission of a word or part of a sentence.
C. Reference
Azwar said that the new policy will be included in the state apparatus bill, expected to be passed by the House of Representatives.
“Corruption has occurred because of flawed intentions in the system,” he said as quoted by tempo.co. (aml/swd).
There are 2 types of reference: anaphoric and cataphoric.
• anaphoric
From text above, we can find the anaphoric. It showed in the word “he”. In this sentence, “he” refers to Azwar.
• cataphoric
This article hasn’t cataphoric sentence.
D. Conjunction
There are 2 types of conjunction: hypotactic and paratactic.
1) Hypotactic
It is combining a main clause with a sub-clause/phrase. It is showed in the sentences:
The first of hypotactic: “If an institution wants to promote officials with echelon I and II positions, the PPATK should examine the officials’ [bank] accounts first,” Azwar said in Bandung on Saturday.”
From text above, we can find the main clause: the PPATK should examine the officials’ [bank] accounts first. Whereas, the sub-clause is if an institution wants to promote officials with echelon I and II positions .The conjunction used in this sentence is “if”.
The second of hypotactic sentence: “If the PPATK found indications of corruption, the findings would be forwarded to the corruption court.” From the text, we can find the main clause is the findings would be forwarded to the corruption court. Whereas the sub-clause: if the PPATK found indications of corruption. The conjunction used in this sentence is “if”
The last of hypotactic is “Corruption has occurred because of flawed intentions in the system,” he said as quoted by tempo.co. (aml/swd). From this sentence consists of main clause and sub clause with conjunction “because.”
2) Paratactic.
It is consist of two main clauses, but this article hasn’t paratactic conjunction.
E. Lexical Cohesion
It is consisting of two types: reiteration and collocation.
1) Reiteration
There are 5 types of reiteration: repetition, hyponymy, antonym, synonymy, and metonymy. In this article has one of the reiterations, it is repetition. The examples are:
• “If an institution wants to promote officials with echelon I and II positions, the PPATK should examine the officials’ [bank] accounts first,” Azwar said in Bandung on Saturday. The repetition is “officials.”
• If the PPATK found indications of corruption, the findings would be forwarded to the corruption court. The repetition is “corruption.”
2) Collocation
Collocation deals with the relationship between words on the basis of the fact that these often occur in the same surrounding. In this article has collocation, such as: “institution” and “the National Police, the Indonesian Military.”